Low-back Pain During Pregnancy and Its Psycho-social Implications

• Osteopathic manipulative treatment (Other): OMT will be used to treat pregnancy women after having performed a manual osteopathic assessment. The first osteopathic evaluation is carried out during the 12th week, with the possibility to undertake a personalized treatment built on the needs of the single patient; the chosen techniques are based on the collected data by the operator. A "black-box" type of treatment is undertaken.
• Usual care (Other): Administration of routine care based on international guidelines
• Mindfulness (Other): Mindfulness group weekly meetings. Mindfulness practices consist of cognitive and behavioral treatments for depression and anxiety, including mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
• Yoga (Other): Weekly yoga group meetings. Yoga is a mind-body practice that encompasses a system of postures, deep breathing, and meditation. In this context, yoga practice is adapted to pregnancy with the aim of benefit women who suffer from anxiety, depression, stress, low back pain, and sleep disturbances.
• Clinical nutrition (Other): Nutritional advice to all women participating in the study at 12 weeks of pregnancy, with the possibility of starting an individualized path.
• Coaching (Other): There will be five personalized coaching sessions during the pregnancy.

Primary outcomes

• Change in VAS at 6 months [6 months]: Change from Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of pain at 6 months. VAS values range from 0-10, where 10 means highest pain and 0 no pain
• Change in ODI at 6 months [6 months]: Change from Oswestry disability index 2.1° - Italian version (ODI) of the score at 6 months. The ODI represents a ten 6-point questionnaire. The first section rates the intensity of pain and the remaining ones cover the disabling effect of pain on typical daily activities: personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, sex life, social life, and travelling. Each item ranges from 0 to 5 and the sum of the 10 scores is expressed as a percentage of the maximum scores, varying from 0 (no disability) to 100 (maximum disability)
• Change in PMI at 6 months [6 months]: Change from Pregnancy mobility index (PMI) of the score at 6 months. PMI is a self-report questionnaire to assess mobility in relation to back and pelvic girdle pain. The PMI consists of three scales: daily mobility in the house, household activities and mobility outdoors. Every item has a score option from 0-3 (respectively 'no problems performing this task', 'some effort performing this task', 'much effort performing this task', 'performing this task is impossible or only possible with the aid of others'), which was transformed to a 0-100 scale. Each domain score is the mean of all included items.
• Change in PGQ at 6 months [6 months]: Change from Pelvic-girdle pain questionnaire (PGQ) of the score at 6 months. The PGQ is a condition-specific, patient-reported outcome measure designed to measure pregnancy-related back pain and pelvic girdle pain for use both during pregnancy and postpartum in research and clinical practice. The questionnaire includes items relating to 2 scales (activity/ participation and body functions \[symptoms\]). Self-report questionnaire of 20 activity items and 5 symptom items scored on a 4-point response scale. Each question is scored from 'Not at all' (0) to 'To a large extent' (3). Questions on the activity sub-scale range from difficulty with dressing, climbing stairs, doing housework, rolling in bed to pushing a shopping cart. Item scores are summed and transformed to yield a score of 0 to 100, where 100 is the worst possible score.

Secondary outcomes

• Change in PWB at 6 months [6 months]: Change from Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scales (PWB) of the score at 6 months. Ryff, the 42-item Psychological Wellbeing (PWB) Scale measures six aspects of wellbeing and happiness: autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. Respondents rate how strongly they agree or disagree with 42 statements using a 7-point scale (1 = strongly agree; 7 = strongly disagree).

Sex: Female, ages: 18 Years to 44 Years, accepts healthy volunteers

Inclusion Criteria:

* Women aged 18-44
* Primiparae
* Single pregnancy
* Spontaneous pregnancy - fisiological pregnancy
* pregnancy >= 12 weeks
* low-back pain (between the 12th rib and the lumbo-pelvic region) and/or pelvic (in the pubic region and/or in one or both of the sacro-iliac joint and/or of the gluteal region) non specific
* consent to treatment
* absence of linguistic barriers

Exclusion Criteria:

* Women aged <18 o >44
* Pathological pregnancy, twins
* Metabolic pathologies
* Obstetrician's emergencies
* Pre-term birth
* Specific lumbar and/or pelvic pain - Genetics disorders
* Major congenital anomalies
* Absence of consent to treatment
* Presence of linguistic barriers

• Niccolò Giovanni, MD, Principal investigator, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico