Open Radical Prostatectomy and Erector Spinae Plane Block

It has been reported that the ESP block produces effective postoperative analgesia for abdominal surgeries by relieving both somatic and visceral pain. In the present study, the investigators presume that an ESP block will decrease narcotic consumption and NRS values both intraoperatively and during the first 24 postoperative hours.

Patients will be divided into two groups:

Group LB (Lidocaine-Bupivacaine): A bilateral ESP block will be performed preoperatively (10 ml 1%lidocaine + 10 ml 0.5% bupivacaine). In addition, IV morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) will be applied postoperatively for 24 hours.

Group S: A bilateral ESP block will be performed preoperatively (20 ml NS).In addition, IV morphine-PCA will be applied postoperatively for 24 hours.

• Single-injection ultrasound-guided bilateral erector spinae plane (ESP) block-Sham (Procedure), also known as ESP block-Sham: With the patient in the sitting position, 20 ml normal saline will be administered between the T11 spinous process and the erector spinae muscles with the guidance of an ultrasound probe placed on a parasagittal plane. Intraoperative analgesia: after anesthesia induction, paracetamol 1 gr intravenous (IV)+ tenoxicam 20 mg IV + morphine 0.05 mg/kg IV (max 4 mg). Postoperative analgesia: IV morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) of 0.5 mg/ml morphine (demand dose 1 mg; lockout interval 8 m; 6 mg/h limit).
• Single-injection ultrasound-guided bilateral erector spinae plane block-Lidocaine/Bupivacaine (Procedure), also known as ESP block-Lidocaine/Bupivacaine: With the patient in the sitting position, 10 ml 1% lidocaine + 10 ml 0.5% bupivacaine will be administered between the T11 spinous process and the erector spinae muscles with the guidance of an ultrasound probe placed on a parasagittal plane. Intraoperative analgesia: After anesthesia induction, paracetamol 1 gr IV + tenoxicam 20 mg IV + morphine 0.05 mg/kg IV (max 4 mg). Postoperative analgesia: IV PCA of 0.5 mg/ml morphine (demand dose 1 mg; lockout interval 8 m; 6 mg/h limit).
• Pain follow-up and monitorization (Other), also known as IV morphine-PCA: Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain score will be recorded from 15th minute in recovery room followed by 1.-3.-6.-12.-18.-24.hours with two different conditions which are at rest and while couching.If NRS score becomes ≥4 Dexketoprofen 50 mg will be administered (max 4 times).

Primary outcomes

• Narcotic consumption in the first 24 hours after surgery [Postoperative day 1]: Morphine consumption in the first 24 hours will be measured by IV PCA. Patients will be able to request opioids via a PCA device when their NRS score is above 3.

Secondary outcomes

• Postoperative pain: NRS score [Postoperative day 1]: Pain status at rest and while coughing will be assessed by NRS score at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours after surgery. In addition, the time until first analgesic requirement will be recorded.The NRS is an 11-point numeric scale which ranges from 0 to 10.
• Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) [Postoperative day 1]: The patients will be verbally evaluated according to a descriptive five-point PONV scale. If a score of 3 or more is registered, ondansetron 4 mg IV will be administered and repeated after 8 hours if required.The PONV scale is 0 = no nausea; 1 = slight nausea; 2 = moderate nausea; 3 = vomiting once;and 4 = vomiting more than once
• Intraoperative remifentanil consumption [Postoperative day 1]: Following anesthesia induction, a bispectral index (BIS) of 40 to 50 will be maintained with sevoflurane. When the BIS measures 40-50, the remifentanil infusion rate will be adjusted to consider ±20% blood pressure changes compared to baseline values.The total amount of remifentanil consumed will be recorded.

Sex: All, ages: 18 Years to 65 Years

Inclusion Criteria: AmericanSociety of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-III patients between the ages of 18 and 65 who are scheduled for elective open radical prostatectomy.

Exclusion criteria:

* Patients who do not give informed consent or do not want to participate in the study
* Ages <18 or>65
* ASA IV patients
* Obesity (>100 kg, BMI >35 kg/m2)
* Contraindications of regional anesthesia (coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, or infection at injection site)
* Serious renal, cardiac, or hepatic disease
* Hypersensitivity to local anesthetics or a history of allergy
* History of opioid or steroid use longer than four weeks
* Psychiatric disorders
* Analgesic preoperative treatment within the preceding 48 hours
* In order to establish better standard surgery, operations shorter than 60 minutes and longer than 180 minutes will also be excluded

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• BURHAN DOST, Study director, Ondokuz Mayis University, School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology