Incidence and Outcome of Paediatric Cardioembolic Stroke: A Nationwide Population-based Study

Sarah Juul; Thomas Clement Truelsen; Alexander Bastian Koldborg; Christina Engel Hoei-Hansen; Julie Brix Bindslev;

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ABSTRACT

Cardiac disease is a leading cause of arterial ischaemic stroke (AIS) in children, yet data on paediatric cardioembolic stroke remain limited. This study investigated the incidence rate, underlying cardiac diseases and outcome of paediatric cardioembolic stroke in Denmark. In a nationwide registry, we identified all children with a stroke or stroke-related diagnosis (2013-2020). Arterial ischaemic stroke events were confirmed by medical record review and classified using the Childhood AIS Standardized Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation (CASCADE) criteria as definite cardioembolic, probable cardioembolic or non-cardioembolic. Neuroimaging and neurological outcomes were extracted from medical records. Follow-up time was 2 years. Cardioembolic stroke was identified in 31 (24.6%) of 126 children with AIS, corresponding to an incidence rate of 0.28 (95% CI, 0.20-0.40) per 100,000 person-years. Congenital heart diseases were the most common underlying conditions (n = 26, 83.9%). Among children undergoing angiography, LVOs were present in 41.2% of the cardioembolic group and in 18.5% of the non-cardioembolic group (P-value .060). The frequency of neurological impairments was similar between cardioembolic and non-cardioembolic AIS (48.4% vs 43.6%, P = .681). When limiting analysis to definite cardioembolic stroke, neurological impairment was more common in the cardioembolic than the non-cardioembolic group (73.3% vs 43.6%, P = .050), though this association was non-significant after adjusting for stroke severity. Cardioembolic stroke accounted for nearly one-quarter of paediatric AIS events. While clinical outcomes were similar between cardioembolic and non-cardioembolic AIS, definite cardioembolic stroke was associated with a higher risk of incomplete neurological recovery, highlighting the need for improved preventive strategies.

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