The Effect of Music on Anxiety and Caregiver Burden in Family Caregivers of Patients With Lung Cancer

• Music intervention (Behavioral): Caregivers in the intervention group were presented with a music list prepared by the researchers in line with the recommendations of the Turkish Music Research and Promotion Group, consisting of pieces in the Rast makam (Turkish classical music mode). Participants were asked to select a piece from the list according to their own preference. Participants were asked to listen to their chosen piece of music through headphones, uninterrupted, for 30 minutes daily at the same time each day, for seven consecutive days. No additional music intervention was applied to participants during the intervention period, and the selected piece was not changed throughout the seven-day application period. Adherence was monitored through a self-reported daily listening log completed by participants and verified through a daily phone call/reminder from the researcher.

Primary outcomes

• Caregiver Burden [From enrollment to the end of intervention for seven days]: Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZCBI) The ZCBI was developed by Zarit, Reever, and Bach-Peterson (1980); its Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by İnci and Erdem (2008). The scale consists of 22 items assessing the physical, psychological, social, and economic difficulties experienced by caregivers. Rated on a five-point Likert scale, responses range from "never" to "nearly always" and are scored from 0 to 4. The total score obtainable from the scale ranges from 0 to 88. A total score of 0-20 is considered little or no burden, 21-40 moderate burden, 41-60 severe burden, and 61-88 very severe burden. Higher scores indicate greater perceived caregiver burden. The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient of the Turkish version was reported as 0.95 in the adaptation study
• Anxiety [From enrollment to the end of intervention for seven days]: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) The STAI was developed by Spielberger, Gorsuch, and Lushene (1970); its Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Öner and Le Compte (1985). The inventory consists of two subscales assessing state and trait anxiety levels. Each subscale consists of 20 items rated on a four-point Likert-type scale. The State Anxiety Scale (SAS) assesses the level of anxiety experienced by an individual at a specific moment and under existing circumstances, whereas the Trait Anxiety Scale (TAS) assesses an individual's general anxiety proneness independent of the situation. Scores obtainable from each subscale range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating higher anxiety levels. The reliability coefficients of the inventory have been reported to range from 0.83 to 0.87

Sex: All, ages: 18 Years to 65 Years, accepts healthy volunteers

Inclusion Criteria:

* The study included first-degree family members aged between 18 and 65 years who were caring for an individual diagnosed with lung cancer, who had been providing care for at least six months, who had no condition preventing communication or any hearing impairment, and who volunteered to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Individuals younger than 18 or older than 65 years, those whose physical or cognitive health status made participation in the study process unsuitable, those not caring for an individual diagnosed with lung cancer, those with hearing loss or any health problem that could prevent participation in the music-listening intervention, and those who did not volunteer to participate were excluded from the study.

• Ayşegül ÇELİK, Principal investigator, Izmir Bakircay University