Clinical Investigation of Bleeding Reduction Efficacy on Toothpaste Containing 1.05% Chitosan

• Toothpaste containing 1.05% Chitosan (Other): Toothpaste containing 1.05% Chitosan
• Silica-based NaF Toothpaste (Other): Silica-based NaF Toothpaste
• Toothpaste with 67% bicarbonate (Other): Toothpaste containing 67% Bicarbonate

Primary outcomes

• Gingival Bleeding [From baseline to 3 days, 7 days and 14 days after baseline.]: Gingival Bleeding Index described by Saxton and van der Ouderaa (1989).
• Gingivitis [Baseline, and immediately post-brushing]: Modified Gingival Index (MGI) Lobene et al (1986)

Sex: All, ages: 18 Years to 70 Years

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Male or female subjects, aged 18-70, inclusive.
2. Availability for the duration of the study.
3. Ability to understand and willingness to read, and sign the Informed Consent Form after the nature of the study has been fully explained to them.
4. Willingness to comply with all study procedures and clinical examination schedules.
5. Good general health (absence of any condition that, in the opinion of the study examiner, might constitute a risk to the subject while participating in the study. Examples include heart problems, valve/hip replacements etc).
6. Presence of a minimum of 20 natural teeth (excluding third molars) with facial and lingual scoreable surfaces.
7. Have a mean Modified Gingival Index (Lobene) ≥ 2.5 at screening.
8. Subjects reporting bleeding while routine toothbrushing.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnant or lactating.
2. Use of tobacco products.
3. History of alcohol or drug abuse.
4. Medical condition (especially, heart or liver problems, bleeding disorders, blood dyscrasias) or any current usage of medication that the investigator considers may compromise the subject safety, as well as, the quality of the study results.
5. Medical condition which requires pre-medication prior to dental visits/procedures.
6. History of allergy to oral hygiene products.
7. Use of anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, antimicrobial or anticoagulant drugs or antibiotics in the 30 days prior to the start of the study and during the course of the study.
8. Ongoing use of medications known to affect the gingival tissues (i.e. calcium channel blockers, phenytoin, cyclosporine).
9. Presence of orthodontic bands or removable partial denture(s).
10. Tumor (s) of the soft or hard tissues of the oral cavity.
11. Five or more carious lesions requiring immediate restorative treatment.
12. More than 2 periodontal pockets (>4mm deep) with bleeding on probing.
13. Any gingival condition like hyperplasia or overgrowth, that would cause difficulty in clinical assessment.
14. Participation in any other clinical study with an oral care indication or test panel within 30 days prior to the start of the study.
15. Existing medical condition which prohibits the subject from not eating or drinking for periods of up to 2 hours.