Characteristics and Clinical Implications of a Clinical Decision Support System

• Clinical Decision Support System (Other): The system provides clinicians with patient-specific genetic information on opioid responsiveness and multi-drug interactions. This clinical decision support system should improve the clinician's ability to identify the optimal pain medication and dosage, and reduce risks associated with multi-drug treatment.

Primary outcomes

• Clinician Feasibility [through study completion, an average of 24 months]: Clinical questionnaire to determine feasibility of the system
• Clinician Usability [through study completion, an average of 24 months]: Clinical questionnaire to determine usability of the system

Secondary outcomes

• Patient Quality of Life [through study completion,an average of 24 months]: Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness - Palliative (FACIT-PAL)
• Patient Pain [through study completion, an average of 24 months]: Numerical Rating Scale to assess pain

Sex: All, ages: 18 Years to any

Inclusion Criteria:

Clinicians will be eligible if:

1. Physicians or nurse practitioners who are practicing hospice and palliative care
2. Responsible for making and implementing decisions about opioid therapy for pain

Patients will be identified by their treating clinicians. Patients will be eligible if:

1. > 18 years of age
2. Palliative Performance Score ≥ 30%
3. Reside in the community or at a nursing home
4. Have >1 serious chronic illness
5. Have an assessed life-expectancy of at least 4 weeks
6. Have a history of pain and have been taking prescribed opioid medication with a regimen that provides a minimum dose of 20 mg morphine or equivalent per day in scheduled doses for at least one week prior to recruitment
7. Is expected to continue opioid therapy for the duration of study participation
8. Is taking > 4 non-opioid medications, each in a regimen providing continuous treatment of pain or another disorder
9. Is expected to continue drug therapy for the duration of study participation
10. Able to read, understand, and provide Informed Consent to participate

Exclusion Criteria:

There are no exclusion criteria for clinicians.

Patients will be excluded if:

1. Pregnant women or women trying to become pregnant or nursing. Women of childbearing potential must use an acceptable method of birth control for the duration of the study. (acceptable forms are oral birth control pills, condoms in combination with spermicide foam, IUD, transdermal patches, birth control implants, vaginal ring)
2. Palliative Performance Score <30%
3. Have taken an investigational product in the last 30 days
4. Current use of illicit substances
5. Immediate family members of site staff, or site staff may not be enrolled in the study without first obtaining IRB authorization
6. Any other medical or physical abnormality, disease, or disorder that would prohibit the patient from completing study procedures in the judgement of the investigator