Relationship Between Foot Arch Structure, Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters, and Cognitive Function in Older Adults
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-Summary
This study aims to investigate the relationship between foot arch structure and spatiotemporal gait parameters and cognitive function in older adults. Foot arch integrity will be assessed using the Navicular Drop Test, and gait performance will be evaluated using the 10-Meter Walk Test. Cognitive-motor interaction will be examined through lower extremity reaction time using a light-based system. The study is designed as an observational cross-sectional analysis.
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+Arms and interventions
| Arm | Type | Interventions | Description |
|---|
| Older adult | | Other: Observational Assessment | Community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years and above will be assessed for foot arch structure, gait parameters, and cognitive-motor performance. |
- Observational Assessment (Other): This is an observational study with no intervention. Participants will undergo assessments of foot arch structure, gait parameters, and cognitive-motor performance.
+Outcome measures
Primary outcomes
- Gait Speed (m/s) [Baseline (single session)]: Gait speed will be assessed using the 10-Meter Walk Test under comfortable walking conditions. Walking speed will be recorded in meters per second (m/s).
- Cadence (steps/min) [Baseline (single session)]: Cadence will be assessed using the 10-Meter Walk Test under comfortable walking conditions. Cadence will be recorded as steps per minute.
- Step Length (m) [Baseline (single session)]: Step length will be assessed using the 10-Meter Walk Test under comfortable walking conditions. Step length will be recorded in meters.
- Double Support Time (%) [Baseline (single session)]: Double support time will be assessed using the 10-Meter Walk Test under comfortable walking conditions. Double support time will be recorded as a percentage of the gait cycle.
Secondary outcomes
- Lower extremity reaction time [Baseline (single session)]: Reaction time will be measured using a visual stimulus-based system (Light Trainer). The time between stimulus onset and foot contact response will be recorded in milliseconds. Multiple trials will be averaged to obtain the final value.
- Navicular Drop Test (mm) [Baseline (single session)]: Medial longitudinal arch mobility will be assessed using the Navicular Drop Test. The vertical displacement of the navicular tuberosity from seated subtalar neutral position to standing position will be measured in millimeters.
+Eligibility
Sex: All, ages: 65 Years to any, accepts healthy volunteers
Inclusion Criteria:
* Aged 65 years or older
* Able to walk independently for at least 10 meters without assistive devices
* Able to understand study procedures and provide informed consent
* Having sufficient cognitive and physical capacity to comply with the assessment protocol
Exclusion Criteria:
* Diagnosed neurological disorders affecting gait and motor control (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis)
* Diagnosed dementia or Alzheimer's disease, or Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score below 24
* Severe visual or hearing impairment that cannot be corrected and may affect reaction time testing
* History of major lower extremity or spinal surgery within the last 6 months Severe musculoskeletal conditions affecting gait (e.g., advanced osteoarthritis, severe pain, active inflammation, open wounds, or recent fractures in the lower extremity)
* Presence of severe balance disorders (e.g., vertigo)
+Locations (1)
| Facility | City | Country | Status |
|---|
| Balikesir University | Balıkesir, Bigadiç | Turkey (Türkiye) | Recruiting |
+Publications
- Menz, H. B., Lord, S. R., & Fitzpatrick, R. C. (2003). Foot and ankle characteristics associated with impaired balance and increased fall risk in community-dwelling older people. The Journals of Gerontology Series A, 58(9), M846-M852. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/58.9.m846
- Verghese J, Ayers E, Barzilai N, Bennett DA, Buchman AS, Holtzer R, Katz MJ, Lipton RB, Wang C. Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Multicenter incidence study. Neurology. 2014 Dec 9;83(24):2278-84. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001084. Epub 2014 Oct 31. PMID 25361778
- Yogev-Seligmann G, Hausdorff JM, Giladi N. The role of executive function and attention in gait. Mov Disord. 2008 Feb 15;23(3):329-42; quiz 472. doi: 10.1002/mds.21720. PMID 18058946
- Hausdorff JM. Gait variability: methods, modeling and meaning. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2005 Jul 20;2:19. doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-2-19. PMID 16033650
- Chen B, Hu S, Mu J, Wang Y. Evaluation of foot support characteristics in young and elderly adults by plantar measurements based on a three-partition distributed force platform. J Biomech. 2024 Aug;173:112247. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112247. Epub 2024 Jul 23. PMID 39053293
- Bain KA, Kosik KB, Terada M, Gribble PA, Johnson NF. Contralateral thalamocortical connectivity is related to postural control in the uninvolved limb of older adults with history of ankle sprain. Gait Posture. 2024 Mar;109:115-119. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.01.015. Epub 2024 Jan 19. PMID 38295486
- Arnold JB, Mackintosh S, Jones S, Thewlis D. Differences in foot kinematics between young and older adults during walking. Gait Posture. 2014 Feb;39(2):689-94. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.09.021. Epub 2013 Oct 10. PMID 24183676