Effects of Beverage Volume, Glycerol Concentration, and Sodium Concentration on Fluid Balance in Healthy Euhydrated Men and Women at Rest

NCT06854471 — Not applicable, Completed, 60 participants, PepsiCo Global R&D

ClinicalTrials Daily  ·  Areas  ·  Conditions  ·  Drugs  ·  Sponsors  ·  
RegistryNCT06854471
StatusCompleted
PhaseNot applicable
Study typeInterventional; randomized, crossover, masking: quadruple, other
Enrollment60 (Actual)
SponsorPepsiCo Global R&D (Industry)
ConditionsFluid Balance
InterventionsPlacebo beverage, kiwi-strawberry flavor, Electrolyte solution without glycerol beverage 1, Electrolyte solution without glycerol beverage 2, Electrolyte solution without glycerol beverage 3, Electrolyte solution with glycerol beverage 1, Electrolyte solution with glycerol beverage 2, Electrolyte solution with glycerol beverage 3, Base with glycerol, no electrolytes beverage 1, Base with glycerol, no electrolytes beverage 2, Base with glycerol, no electrolytes beverage 3 (Other)
Datesstart 2025-07-18, primary completion 2025-12-02, completion 2025-12-02, first posted 2025-03-03, last updated 2026-09-21
Locations3 sites in United States

Related Papers Related Patents Related Grants Related Experts
All trials for Fluid Balance All trials of Placebo beverage, kiwi-strawberry flavor All trials of Electrolyte solution without glycerol beverage 1

-Summary

The presence of certain ingredients such as sodium and glycerol can facilitate retention of the fluid consumed via renal water reabsorption. To maintain overall whole-body fluid balance, it is important that ingested fluid is retained in the body instead of losing it through urination.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of sodium and glycerol concentrations at various fluid intake volumes on fluid balance in healthy, euhydrated men and women.

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+Arms and interventions

ArmTypeInterventionsDescription
Placebo beveragePlacebo comparatorOther: Placebo beverage, kiwi-strawberry flavorBase beverage, no electrolytes, no glycerol
Electrolyte solution without glycerol beverage 1ExperimentalOther: Electrolyte solution without glycerol beverage 1Higher electrolytes lower volume
Electrolyte solution without glycerol beverage 2ExperimentalOther: Electrolyte solution without glycerol beverage 2Lower electrolytes mid-volume
Electrolyte solution without glycerol beverage 3ExperimentalOther: Electrolyte solution without glycerol beverage 3Higher electrolytes higher volume
Electrolyte solution with glycerol beverage 1ExperimentalOther: Electrolyte solution with glycerol beverage 1Lower electrolytes, lower glycerol, lower volume
Electrolyte solution with glycerol beverage 2ExperimentalOther: Electrolyte solution with glycerol beverage 2Higher electrolytes, higher glycerol, lower volume
Electrolyte solution with glycerol beverage 3ExperimentalOther: Electrolyte solution with glycerol beverage 3Higher electrolytes, higher glycerol, higher volume
Base with glycerol beverage 1ExperimentalOther: Base with glycerol, no electrolytes beverage 1No electrolytes, higher glycerol, lower volume
Base with glycerol beverage 2ExperimentalOther: Base with glycerol, no electrolytes beverage 2No electrolytes, lower glycerol, mid-volume
Base with glycerol beverage 3ExperimentalOther: Base with glycerol, no electrolytes beverage 3No electrolytes, higher glycerol, higher volume
  • Placebo beverage, kiwi-strawberry flavor (Other): 9.3.oz 3 times for a total of 28 oz over a 35 min period followed by 25 min rest until Time 0 post-dose
  • Electrolyte solution without glycerol beverage 1 (Other): 4 oz 3 times for a total of 12 oz over a 35 min period followed by 25 min rest until Time 0 post-dose. Beverage matched to placebo for color and flavor.
  • Electrolyte solution without glycerol beverage 2 (Other): 6.7 oz 3 times for a total of 20 oz over a 35 min period followed by 25 min rest until Time 0 post-dose. Beverage matched to placebo for color and flavor.
  • Electrolyte solution without glycerol beverage 3 (Other): 9.3.oz 3 times for a total of 28 oz over a 35 min period followed by 25 min rest until Time 0 post-dose. Beverage matched to placebo for color and flavor.
  • Electrolyte solution with glycerol beverage 1 (Other): 4 oz 3 times for a total of 12 oz over a 35 min period followed by 25 min rest until Time 0 post-dose. Beverage matched to placebo for color and flavor.
  • Electrolyte solution with glycerol beverage 2 (Other): 4 oz 3 times for a total of 12 oz over a 35 min period followed by 25 min rest until Time 0 post-dose. Beverage matched to placebo for color and flavor.
  • Electrolyte solution with glycerol beverage 3 (Other): 9.3.oz 3 times for a total of 28 oz over a 35 min period followed by 25 min rest until Time 0 post-dose. Beverage matched to placebo for color and flavor.
  • Base with glycerol, no electrolytes beverage 1 (Other): 4 oz 3 times for a total of 12 oz over a 35 min period followed by 25 min rest until Time 0 post-dose. Beverage matched to placebo for color and flavor.
  • Base with glycerol, no electrolytes beverage 2 (Other): 6.7 oz 3 times for a total of 20 oz over a 35 min period followed by 25 min rest until Time 0 post-dose. Beverage matched to placebo for color and flavor.
  • Base with glycerol, no electrolytes beverage 3 (Other): 9.3.oz 3 times for a total of 28 oz over a 35 min period followed by 25 min rest until Time 0 post-dose. Beverage matched to placebo for color and flavor.

+Outcome measures

Primary outcomes

  • Fluid balance [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 60, 90,120, 150,180 and 210 minutes]: Calculated as change in body mass kg and %

Secondary outcomes

  • Urine mass [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 60, 90,120, 150,180 and 210 minutes]: (g)
  • Urine specific gravity [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 60, 90,120, 150,180 and 210 minutes]: (au)
  • Urine osmolality [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 60, 90,120, 150,180 and 210 minutes]: (mosmol/kg)
  • Whole blood hematocrit [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 90,150 and 210 minutes]: (%)
  • Whole blood hemoglobin concentration [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 90,150 and 210 minutes]: (g/dl)
  • Serum sodium concentration [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 90,150 and 210 minutes]: (mmol/L)
  • Serum potassium concentration [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 90,150 and 210 minutes]: (mmol/L)
  • Serum chloride concentration (mmol/L) [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 90,150 and 210 minutes]: (mmol/L)
  • Serum glucose concentration [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 90,150 and 210 minutes]: (mg/dl)
  • Serum glycerol concentration [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 90,150 and 210 minutes]: (mmol/L)
  • Serum copeptin concentration [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 90,150 and 210 minutes]: (pmol/L)
  • Serum osmolality [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 90,150 and 210 minutes]: (mosmol/kg)
  • Blood pressure [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 60, 90,120, 150,180 and 210 minutes]: (systolic/diastolic) (mmHg)
  • Heart rate [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 60, 90,120, 150,180 and 210 minutes]: (bpm)
  • Subjective measures of gastrointestinal discomfort and headache (VAS) [Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 30, 60, 90,120, 150,180 and 210 minutes]: Rated on a 100 point scale from none to severe for headache, lightheaded, stomach upset, nausea, burping, stomach bloating, abdominal discomfort, stomach fullness, vomiting, diarrhea).
  • Menstrual categorization [Screening visit]: Current status (e.g., contraception, regular periods or not, etc.)
  • Adverse Events [From Screening (Visit 1) through the fifth and final beverage testing day (Visit 6)]: Documented changes in health and symptoms

+Eligibility

Sex: All, ages: 18 Years to 50 Years, accepts healthy volunteers

Inclusion Criteria:

* Subject is male or female
* If female, subject is not pregnant
* Subject is 18-50 years of age, inclusive
* Subject is at least recreationally active (engaged in light to moderate-intensity, intermittent, or steady-state exercise at least 3 days per week for at least 30 min at a time)
* Subject does not smoke (or has quit for at least 6 months)
* Subject is not taking medication that may interfere with the study (e.g., diuretics)
* Subject has no health conditions that would interfere with the study (e.g. cardiovascular, renal, or metabolic diseases)
* Subject is willing to avoid alcohol consumption 24 hours prior to visit(s)
* Subject is willing to fast overnight (\~8-12 hours)
* Subject is willing to refrain from vigorous exercise for 24 hours
* Subject is willing to eat the exact same food the day prior to each visit to the laboratory
* Provision of written consent to participate

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subject has participated in a clinical trial within the past 30 days
* Subject has participated in any PepsiCo trial within past 6 months
* Subject has a condition or is taking medication that the investigator believes would interfere with his/her ability to provide informed consent, comply with the study protocol, which might confound the interpretation of the study results, or put the person at undue risk
* Subject is employed by, or has a parent, guardian, or other immediate family member employed by a company that manufactures any products that compete with any Gatorade product. If subject is unsure if a company would be considered a competitor to Gatorade, they will be asked to please let the study investigator know the name of the other company and the nature of their relationship to that company before they sign the informed consent.

+Locations (3)

FacilityCityCountryStatus
IMG Academy/GSSI Bradenton Gatorade Sports Science InstituteBradenton, FloridaUnited States
GCP ResearchSt. Petersburg, FloridaUnited States
Gatorade Sports Science InstituteValhalla, New YorkUnited States

+Investigators

  • Lindsay Baker, PhD, Principal investigator, PepsiCo R&D/Gatorade and Sports Science Institute