HD Patients' Depression and Happiness

The research design is cross-sectional correlational study. Convenient sampling will be used to conduct to data collection. There are 300 patients with hemodialysis from a hemodialysis institution in the north Taiwan, and data collecting with self-administrated questionnaires. The instruments include demographic and disease-related information, Spiritual Health Scale short form, Chinese Happiness Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Life Attitude Profile, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. The SPSS 22.0 statistical software will be used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics, such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation (SD) will be used for participant characteristics and outcome measures. T-test, chi-square, ANOVA, post-hoc, ANCOVA, and Person's correlation will be conducted to test the relationships between the research variables.

Primary outcomes

• The status of spirituality among HD patients [1 day]: Self-administrated questionnaire of Spiritual Health Scale short form was used to collect data. The score range is 24 to 120, and the higher score means higher spirituality.
• The status of life-meaning among HD patients [1 day]: Self-administrated questionnaire of Life Attitude Profile was used to collect data. The score range is 39 to 195, and the higher score means higher level of life-meaning.
• The status of post-trauma growth among HD patients [1 day]: Self-administrated questionnaire of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory was used to collect data. The score range is 0 to 105, and the higher score means higher level of post-trauma growth.
• The status of depression among HD patients [7 minutes]: Self-administrated questionnaire of Beck Depression Inventory-II was used to collect data. The score range is 0 to 63, and the higher score means higher level of depressive tendency.
• The status of happiness among HD patients [1 day]: Self-administrated questionnaire of Chinese Happiness Inventory was used to collect data. The score range is 0 to 30, and the higher score means higher level of happiness.
• The mediating effect of life of meaning and post-traumatic growth [1 day]: Using these scores form these scales (mention above) to verify the mediating effect of life of meaning and post-traumatic growth in spirituality and psychological well-being (including happiness, depression).

Sex: All, ages: 20 Years to 90 Years

Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients who are over 20 years old
* voluntarily participate in the study and sign the respondent consent form
* have received routine hemodialysis treatment for more than three months
* have clear consciousness and can communicate in Mandarin and Taiwanese.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients whose medical records record a diagnosis of schizophrenia
* patients are taking antidepressant drugs

• Results publication: Lee HC, Chiang YC, Tsai KH, Okoli C, Chu TL, Hsiao YC. Spirituality and Happiness in Haemodialysis Patients: The Mediating Roles of Life Attitude and Posttraumatic Growth. Nurs Open. 2026 Mar;13(3):e70479. doi: 10.1002/nop2.70479. PMID 41804610

• yachu hsiao, Principal investigator, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology